He was buried in the New Minster at Winchester. The alliance between the Norse and the Scots was cemented by the marriage of Olaf to Constantine's daughter. Read more from the experts at our curated page on The Last Kingdom. King Richard III 1483 - 1485 . Entries on ninth century West Saxons kings describe them as kings of Wessex in Lapidge, et al., ed., Foot, "Æthelstan (Athelstan) (893/4–939), king of England". In January 926, Æthelstan arranged for one of his sisters to marry Sihtric. 211–215; Foot, Sharp, "England, Europe and the Celtic World", p. 198, Ortenberg, "The King from Overseas", pp. In Keynes's view he "has long been regarded, with good reason, as a towering figure in the landscape of the tenth century ... he has also been hailed as the first king of England, as a statesman of international standing". However, historian Michael Wood praises his caution, arguing that unlike Harold in 1066, he did not allow himself to be provoked into precipitate action. Edgiva († aft. [11] Medieval chroniclers gave varying descriptions of her rank: one described her as an ignoble consort of inferior birth, while others described her birth as noble. [139] An important source is the twelfth-century chronicle of William of Malmesbury, but historians are cautious about accepting his testimony, much of which cannot be verified from other sources. He commissioned it especially to present to Chester-le Street, and out of all manuscripts he gave to a religious foundation which survive, it is the only one which was wholly written in England during his reign. Thanks! According to a transcript dating from 1304, in 925 Æthelstan gave a charter of privileges to St Oswald's Priory, Gloucester, where his aunt and uncle were buried, "according to a pact of paternal piety which he formerly pledged with Æthelred, ealdorman of the people of the Mercians". Constantine II ruled Scotland, apart from the southwest, which was the British Kingdom of Strathclyde. The historian W. H. Stevenson commented in 1898: However, Michael Lapidge argues that however unpalatable the hermeneutic style seems to modern taste, it was an important part of late Anglo-Saxon culture, and deserves more sympathetic attention than it has received from modern historians. His reputation was so great that some monastic scribes later falsely claimed that their institutions had been beneficiaries of his largesse. [77] It remained in force throughout the tenth century, and Æthelstan's codes were built on this foundation. [62] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle abandoned its usual terse style in favour of a heroic poem vaunting the great victory,[j] employing imperial language to present Æthelstan as ruler of an empire of Britain. Olaf seized the east midlands, leading to the establishment of a frontier at Watling Street. 180–185, Keynes, "England, c. 900–1016", pp. Beornstan was succeeded by another member of the royal household, also called Ælfheah. [24] Eadgifu also had two sons, the future kings Edmund and Eadred. [104], He also sought to build ties with continental churches. [101] This has a portrait of Æthelstan presenting the book to Cuthbert, the earliest surviving manuscript portrait of an English king. 924 (17th July) Edward’s eldest son, Aethelstan , became King either immediately or after the death of his half-brother Aelfweard who died on 2nd August 924 [143] The scribe known to historians as "Æthelstan A", who was responsible for drafting all charters between 928 and 935, provides very detailed information, including signatories, dates, and locations, illuminating Æthelstan's progress around his realm. [68], Anglo-Saxon kings ruled through ealdormen, who had the highest lay status under the king. [44] Southern kings had never ruled the north, and his usurpation was met with outrage by the Northumbrians, who had always resisted southern control. [46] His triumph led to seven years of peace in the north. He also purchased the vast territory of Amounderness in Lancashire, and gave it to the Archbishop of York, his most important lieutenant in the region. Simon Keynes and Richard Abels believe that leading figures in Wessex were unwilling to accept Æthelstan as king in 924 partly because his mother had been Edward the Elder's concubine. [144] By contrast with this extensive source of information, no charters survive from 910 to 924, a gap which historians struggle to explain, and which makes it difficult to assess the degree of continuity in personnel and the operation of government between the reigns of Edward and Æthelstan. In the autumn they joined with the Strathclyde Britons under Owain to invade England. The small and intimate meetings that had been adequate until the enlargement of the kingdom under Edward the Elder gave way to large bodies attended by bishops, ealdormen, thegns, magnates from distant areas, and independent rulers who had submitted to his authority. [i] But he remained a resented outsider, and the northern British kingdoms preferred to ally with the pagan Norse of Dublin. 211–222. He was married three times and had an estimated 14 children. That meant that he was able to return to Wessex, via Essex and Mercia, with an army in 901/902. The earliest appear to be his tithe edict and the "Ordinance on Charities". By September, however, he was back in the south of England at Buckingham, where Constantine witnessed a charter as subregulus, thus acknowledging Æthelstan's overlordship. Our best wishes for a productive day. 339–347; Foot, Keynes, "Royal government and the written word in late Anglo-Saxon England", p. 237; Keynes, "England, c. 900–1016", p. 471, Pratt, "Written Law and the Communication of Authority", p. 349, Wood, "A Carolingian Scholar in the Court of King Æthelstan", pp. [146], The reign of Æthelstan has been overshadowed by the achievements of his grandfather, Alfred the Great, but he is now considered one of the greatest kings of the West Saxon dynasty. By the end of the decade Edward was King of Mercia, Wessex and East Anglia, with only Northumbria being under Viking rule. In 927 he conquered the last remaining Viking kingdom, York, making him the first Anglo-Saxon ruler of the whole of England. He was the son of King Alfred and Ealhswith of Mercia. [58], In 934 Olaf Guthfrithson succeeded his father Guthfrith as the Norse King of Dublin. There seems to be a problem, please try again. Keynes, "Edward, King of the Anglo Saxons", p. 51; Charles-Edwards, Nelson, "The First Use of the Second Anglo-Saxon. [147], 10th-century King of the Anglo-Saxons, King of the English, This article is about the tenth-century king. Patrick Wormald's verdict was harsh: "The hallmark of Æthelstan's law-making is the gulf dividing its exalted aspirations from his spasmodic impact." A man of Wessex, he was probably born in the 870s and died in 924. As Tom Holland writes, “The story of how, over the course of three generations, the royal dynasty of Wessex went from near-oblivion to fashioning a kingdom that still endures today is the most remarkable and momentous in British history”.
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