Every year, the American Chemistry Council tabulates the U.S. production volume of the top 100 chemicals. identifying a set of recognized global environmental impact categories on which various emissions to air and water may exert an effect, such as acidity, global warming, human health effects, ozone depletion, creation of photochemical ozone (smog), aquatic oxygen demand, and ecotoxicity to aquatic life; assigning a factor to each emission that reflects the potency of its possible impact; and. [August 10, 1998], Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA). [citation needed] Together they generate about 3.2 million jobs in more than 60,000 companies. 8 Summary of Metrics Used by the Four Industry Sectors, 10 A Hypothetical Model for Improving Aggregation and Presentation of Environmental Performance Metrics, 11 The Sustainable Enterprise Paradigm Shift, A Current Reporting and Use of Industrial Environmental Performance Metrics: Global Scale, B Current Reporting of Industrial Environmental Performance Metrics by U.S. Semiconductor Companies, C Current Reporting and Use of Industrial Environmental Performance Metrics: Company Scale. Washington, D.C.: CMA. Green Metrics: A Status Report on Standardized Corporate Environmental Reporting. [27] They operate internationally with more than 2,800 facilities outside the U.S. and 1,700 foreign subsidiaries or affiliates operating. Typical growth rates are 0.8 to 1.0 times GDP. The specific type of hazard varies according to each workplace, site, and industry. However, it was in Britain that the Leblanc process really took off. Chemical Substances in Textile Industry. [26] The products are packaged and delivered by many methods, including pipelines, tank-cars, and tank-trucks (for both solids and liquids), cylinders, drums, bottles, and boxes. Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA). 1997. Executive leadership groups bring key executives from member companies together regularly to share experiences and review progress in Responsible Care. A chemical reaction is a process generally characterized by a chemical change in which the starting materials (reactants) are different from the products. Industrial Environmental Performance Metrics is a corporate-focused analysis that brings clarity and practicality to the complex issues of environmental metrics in industry. He partly transformed aniline into a crude mixture which, when extracted with alcohol, produced a substance with an intense purple colour. They are generally characterized by their innovative aspects. Though the business of chemistry is worldwide in scope, the bulk of the world's $3.7 trillion chemical output is accounted for by only a handful of industrialized nations. The chemical industry has shown rapid growth for more than fifty years. Clearing the air. [citation needed] The major markets for plastics are packaging, followed by home construction, containers, appliances, pipe, transportation, toys, and games. [28] Even so, Europe still has a trading surplus with all regions of the world except Japan and China where in 2011 there was a chemical trade balance. Methods were soon devised to make useful byproducts from the alkali. The first plastic was invented by Alexander Parkes, an English metallurgist. Six Codes of Management Practices, which are the heart of Responsible Care, outline practices that cover virtually every aspect of chemical manufacture, transportation, and handling. Latest agronomy, genetically modified plants, chemical-like Pesticides, and fertilizers have sped-up and increased production. 1997. In 1864, Solvay and his brother Alfred constructed a plant in the Belgian town of Charleroi and in 1874, they expanded into a larger plant in Nancy, France. Most of these products serve to manufacture other items, although a smaller number go directly to consumers. researchers to develop improved understanding of the existing chemistry or entirely new process steps, including new catalysts, different reactions, and better separations. In the U.S. there are 170 major chemical companies. 1997. The traditional dominance of chemical production by the Triad countries is being challenged by changes in feedstock availability and price, labour cost, energy cost, differential rates of economic growth and environmental pressures. From the perspective of chemical engineers, the chemical industry involves the use of chemical processes such as chemical reactions and refining methods to produce a wide variety of solid, liquid, and gaseous materials. Instrumental in the changing structure of the global chemical industry has been the growth in China, India, Korea, the Middle East, South East Asia, Nigeria, and Brazil. The chemical industry is more diverse than virtually any other industry in the United States. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Industrial Environmental Performance Metrics: Challenges and Opportunities, http://www.cmahq.com/cmaprograms/re/about/content_rc_about.html, http://www.cmahq.com/cmaprograms/rc/renews/lc_rc_rcnews.html. Typical large-volume products include ethylene, propylene, benzene, toluene, xylenes, methanol, vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), styrene, butadiene, and ethylene oxide. [3], Soda ash was used since ancient times in the production of glass, textile, soap, and paper, and the source of the potash had traditionally been wood ashes in Western Europe. Those chemicals made on the largest of scales are made in a few manufacturing locations around the world, for example in Texas and Louisiana along the Gulf Coast of the United States, on Teesside in the Northeast of England in the United Kingdom, and in Rotterdam in the Netherlands. Industry uses several types of continuous reactors. From the perspective of chemical engineers, the chemical industry involves the use of chemical processes such as chemical reactions and refining methods to produce a wide variety of solid, liquid, and gaseous materials. (Note: Chemical sales represent only a portion of total sales for some companies. Brink Jr. [citation needed] The fastest-growing areas have involved the manufacture of synthetic organic polymers used as plastics, fibres and elastomers. Agrochemicals were manufactured to protect agricultural crops from pests and for augmenting crop yields. Other closely related industries include petroleum, glass, paint, ink, sealant, adhesive, and food processing manufacturers. Life science products are usually produced with very high specifications and are closely scrutinized by government agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration. It examines implications that arise from greater demand for comparability of metrics among businesses by the investment community and environmental interest groups. Various professionals are involved in the chemical industry including chemical engineers, chemists and lab technicians. operators and mechanics to identify equipment requiring more careful supervision and more preventative maintenance; plant engineers to work with vendors to develop more reliable equipment; plant technical engineers to institute better training for operators and develop technology for revised operating procedures, conditions, or materials; technical specialists to develop and implement better process instrumentation and process control methodology; and. The first synthetic dye was discovered by William Henry Perkin in London. Environment drives performance: The jury is in. [9] This material, exhibited at the 1862 London International Exhibition, anticipated many of the modern aesthetic and utility uses of plastics. The top 11 of the 100 chemicals in 2000 were sulfuric acid (44 million tons), nitrogen (34), ethylene (28), oxygen (27), lime (22), ammonia (17), propylene (16), polyethylene (15), chlorine (13), phosphoric acid (13) and diammonium phosphates (12). The large scale manufacturing locations often have clusters of manufacturing units that share utilities and large scale infrastructure such as power stations, port facilities, road and rail terminals. ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one. The plastics industry contains some overlap, as some chemical companies produce plastics as well as chemicals. The controversy over what sustainable development means for businesses is also addressed. [citation needed] In 2000, the aggregate production volume of the top 100 chemicals totalled 502 million tons, up from 397 million tons in 1990. The Guiding Principles—the philosophy of Responsible Care—outline each member company's commitment to environmental, health, and safety responsibility in managing chemicals. Production of artificial manufactured fertilizer for agriculture was pioneered by Sir John Lawes at his purpose-built Rothamsted Research facility.
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